Moral values Essay

It would be gross injustice to categorize all children and youths as lacking in manners and morals, but the general trend would certainly suggest there has been a major decline among many of them. Family values have changed dramatically in the past few decades, producing a crop of undisciplined teenagers and children who lack morals and manners as a result of poor training. Good manners were once the norm with young people very much aware the older generation. Saying â€Å"please† and â€Å"thank you†, giving up a seat on the bus and holding open doors were all considered normal mannerly behavior. Times have changed and we now live in a predominantly me-first society which is reflected in many young people. If good manners are taught at an early age, they will generally continue to be part of the personality of the young child all the way into adulthood. The lack of good manners observed in society in general is no doubt a reflection of the situation found within the home. Without parental example and training the area of manners, it is likely the children will sadly lack in displaying them. The same can be said of the lack of morals we find in many of today’s youth. A large proportion of children have grown up with little or no respect for authority, for property, for family or even themselves. Living a life of immorality is considered normal behavior today and has produced a bumper crop of young people with venereal disease, unwanted pregnancies and a feeling of emptiness in their lives. Lacking in moral stability, we find young people involved in crime, violence and drug abuse. The so-called freedom they have has actually brought them into slavery to an amoral lifestyle. There is a contrast though in many children and teenagers who are moral and do have good manners, proving that it is still possible to develop these delightful characteristics. It is a real pleasure to come across young people who are mannerly and who have the courage to lead a moral life, not.

A Comparison of Freedom: The Works of Frederick Douglass and David Walker Essay

One of the hottest and most discussed topics in American History is the issue of freedom. This is because of the fact that the young American nation, especially in the early and middle 19th century, witnessed different notions of freedom that is believed by her citizens; and most contrasting in this case is the notion of freedom by the industrial north (who favored the abolition of slavery), and the notion of freedom by the agricultural southern states (who favored slavery). It is well known that the United States is called the â€Å"home of the free and the land of the brave;† however, it is also well known that the institution of slavery and the racism against African Americans played a dominant part in the southern states of the country, dominated by cotton plantations (also known as the â€Å"deep south†). This paper would then discuss the notions of freedom according to two African Americans, one whom is slave: Frederick Douglass and David Walker. Frederick Douglass is one of the most famous former slaves in American History; he soon escaped from his masters, helped in the strengthening of the â€Å"underground railroad† (a secret route that helped slaves escape to freedom†), and joined the abolitionist movement. His personal accounts, as well as his notions of freedom, can be seen in his work My Bondage and My Freedom. Meanwhile, David Walker is also an abolitionist; but he was free unlike Douglass (his father was a slave, but his mother was free). Despite being a free man, he also witnessed the cruelties of slavery in his childhood, and advocated the abolishment of slavery, detailed in his work Walker’s Appeal, in Four Articles; Together with a Preamble, to the Colored Citizens of the world, but in Particular, and Very Expressly, to Those of the United States of America (also known as David Walker’s appeal). This essay would try to make an analytic comparison of their ideas on freedom based on these two works. 2. Frederick Douglass on Freedom One of the most compelling accounts of freedom as narrated by Frederick Douglass can be seen in Chapter XIX of his book My Bondage and My Freedom, entitled The Runaway Plot (Douglass 271-303). In this chapter, Douglass was actually reflecting upon his thoughts on New Year’s Eve, especially upon his thoughts on gaining freedom and liberty (Douglass 272). In his thoughts, Douglass actually stated one of the most important precepts of the freedom of every individual, in which each man has the right to be free ever since being born, and regardless of color (Douglass 272). According to Douglass, â€Å"I was not through the first month of this, my second year with the kind and gentlemanly Mr. Freeland, before I was earnestly considering and advising plans for gaining that freedom, which, when I was but a mere child, I had ascertained to be the natural and inborn right of every member of the human family. The desire for this freedom had been benumbed, while I was under the brutalizing dominion of Covey; and it had been postponed, and rendered inoperative, by my truly pleasant Sunday school engagements†¦It had, however, never entirely subsided. I hated slavery, always, and the desire for freedom only needed a favorable breeze, to fan it into a blaze, at any moment. † (Douglass 273). In this case, it can clearly be seen that Douglass strongly believed that every man is created equal, wherein every man also has the right to freedom, in the sole reason that he is human; this debunks the very notion of the racial basis of inequality and slavery. Douglass adds to this point by saying that â€Å"My faculties and powers of body and soul are not my own, but are the property of a fellow mortal, in no sense superior to me, except that he has the physical power to compel me to be owned and controlled by him. By the combined physical force of the community, I am his slave — a slave for life† (Douglass 272). This is where Douglass wants to be free, for he believes that the master owing him is not, in any sense, superior to him, but is dictated by circumstances and by institutions to be slaved. In addition, the notion of freedom according to Douglass, even though it is a natural right, must be fought for whenever it is taken away, this is the freedom that comes with action (Douglass 274). According to Douglass, â€Å"The intense desires, now felt, to be free, quickened by my present favorable circumstances, brought me to the determination to act, as well as to think and speak†¦This vow only bound me to make my escape individually; but the year spent with Mr. Freeland had attached me, as with â€Å"hooks of steel,† to my brother slaves†¦ and I felt it my duty to give them an opportunity to share in my virtuous determination by frankly disclosing to them my plans and purposes† (Douglass 274). In this case, freedom is not only to be fought for individually, but also for fellow men, for â€Å"brothers† whose freedom is actually taken away. Therefore, the idea of freedom by Douglass does not only end in recognizing your own personal right to freedom, but also for fighting for the freedom of other oppressed peoples. After he escaped into freedom from slavery, he put into action his words by joining the abolitionist movement, claiming victory when Abraham Lincoln officially abolished slavery at the end of the civil war. 3. David Walker on Freedom David Walker, famous for his David Walker’s Appeal, also expressed his notion of freedom in a very expressive way, earning the contempt of both white plantation owners and white supremacists. According to Walker, â€Å"All I ask is, for a candid and careful perusal of this the third and last edition of my Appeal, where the world may see that we, the Blacks or Coloured People, are treated more cruel by the white Christians of America, than devils themselves ever treated a set of men, women and children on this earth† (Walker 4). What lead Walker to express this kind of emotion to the institution of slavery? This is because of the fact that Walker believed the institution of slavery, as well as the cruelty to slaves (who were overwhelmingly colored peoples) violated the very foundation of the American republic, being the â€Å"land of liberty† (Walker 6). In this case, Walker also believed that it is the very â€Å"evil† institutions of slavery that has violated the right of freedom of men, stating that the system of slavery in itself is cruel and inhuman, and that it is even the source of all miseries and cruelties to all nations (Walker 6). Therefore, Walker argues that slavery must not be practiced at all, given that freedom is a right and it must not be violated. In addition, Walker also states that â€Å"All persons who are acquainted with history, and particularly the Bible, who are not blinded by the God of this world, and are not actuated solely by avarice–who are able to lay aside prejudice long enough to view candidly and impartially, things as they were, are, and probably will be– who are willing to admit that God made man to serve Him alone, and that man should have no other Lord or Lords but Himself–that God Almighty is the sole proprietor or master of the whole human family† (Walker 7). In this argument, Walker seeks a biblical explanation, wherein God created all men equal, and only God is superior to man; therefore, it also follows that it is only God who has the right to become master of man, to become the proprietor of man, to which slavery is a direct violation of it. 4. Conclusion One common aspect of the notion of freedom for both Frederick Douglass and David Walker is the fact that they both believe that freedom is a natural right of man, wherein racial or class origin does not count. Douglass emphasized its natural basis, while Walker seeks a biblical explanation to it. Also, Douglass emphasized the aspect of action, fighting for freedom not only of the self but for others, while Walker emphasized the wretchedness of man in slavery (Walker 32). Works Cited: Douglass, Frederick. My Bondage and My Freedom. New York: Miller, Orton & Mulligan, 1855. Print. Walker, David. Walker’s Appeal, in Four Articles; Together with a Preamble, to the Colored Citizens of the World, but in Particular, and Very Expressly, to Those of the United States of America. Boston: The Journal of Pan African Studies, 2009. eBook. Outline: 1. Introduction 2. Frederick Douglass on Freedom 3. David Walker on Freedom 4. Conclusion

Creative writing Essay

‘Now this is a story all about me, when my life got twist turn upside down, if you like to take a minute just reading right here, I’ll write you how I became a prince of a town called New Jersey’ could you find a word that rhymes with New Jersey? ‘In East London I’m born and raised on a playground is where I’ve spent the most of my days chilling out, relaxing all cool and all kicking some football outside of school when a couple of guys, they were up to no good started making trouble in my neighbourhood I got in one little fight and my mum got scared and said â€Å"you’re moving with your aunt and uncle in New Jersey here, have this Hershey’ that kind of rhymes. If you didn’t know Hershey is a chocolate bar that is sold in America. Although I would like to think that I was the fresh prince, my story didn’t exactly start out like that. Instead of my parents sending me to my relatives because of academic problems, I went because I have been nagging them for a really long time. I’m not saying that my academic level was reaching its fullest potential before I went, but the main reason I went was to have a taste of things to come. For as long as I can remember I have always wanted to live in one of those semi-detached American houses with the large front garden, golden retriever, two kids and a large garage. When most people watch American films they are focused on the storyline, but when I watch them not only am I watching the story, but also at the back of my mind I am constantly absorbing the American background. Finally in the summer of 2000 July 3rd, I got the chance to have a taste of my dream. Even though it was just a small taste, it was enough to last me however long it will take to finally move there. When my parents did decide that it was o. k. to send me there, it was there idea of making me have a taste of the ‘real world’. There idea of a taste of the ‘real world’ was my idea of a taste of a dream. At the time I had just finished my GCSE’s, and my grades were not that great. My parents had planned that America would change my course; I guess it did in the end but my biggest change was with my personality. When I did return I felt more confident, independent, funny and larger (thanks to those large American portions of food). Everything leading up to the day I left flew by and before I knew it I was in the airport sitting at the waiting room with my dad. I remember my dad being really calm and cool about everything, he never really got sad in front of me especially with good-by’s. He told me stories about when he went to New York for the first time: ‘Now this is a story all about your dad, back in the day I also was bad, Your old man also had the American dream, thinking that it would be so cool and supreme, I stayed there for a while to learn the truth, that America was best lived in the movies, ‘what a poof! ‘ I never knew my dad could rap, looks as though he has a problem with finishing it as well. To sum up my dads rap; he also had the American dream being brought up on James Dean movies. Throughout his teenage years he had dreamt up an image of what America would be like, unfortunately when he stayed there, it did not match his dream. That is how my dad tells the story, but I think there’s something he is not telling me. I also believe that my parents don’t want me to live far away from them because they regret moving far away from their parents when they were younger. On the plane, I sat next to an empty seat, which wasn’t bad as I wasn’t really good with the airplane conversations. I travelled on Virgin Atlantic and the in-flight entertainment was great, they had a video screen in front of each seat with which I could play games, watch films and programmes. Anyway back onto America, I remember as we approached the New York coast I heard a passenger in the seat in front of me, â€Å"look there’s the statue of liberty† I looked to my right out of the window and saw her. She was a bit smaller then I had imagined (in Ghostbusters 2 she was huge! ), and she was green. I never actually realised that she was green before; I always thought she was grey. I wasn’t disappointed though; looking at the New York skyline for the first time was great. However I still felt as though I was in England, maybe it would change when we land. After I collected my luggage, I went through the inspection terminal where policemen checked your passports. I found this strange but the strangest was to come, when I reached the gate where my aunt would be waiting for me. Oh yeah if I didn’t mention it before, I would be staying with my auntie there, like my parents were really going to let me stay there by myself. Anyway along with the story, the last time I saw my aunt was when she visited England when I was 2 so†¦ I was the first out into the arrival room and there was a crowd so large I felt like I was in one of those ‘where’s Wally’ books. I looked at the crowd and then a man taped my shoulder and pointed out my aunt to me. They were waving out to me trying to get my attention with a big sign with my name on it. I said thanks to the first American I made contact with and walked over to them. We did the usually Portuguese custom and did the kiss on the cheeks thing. I originally thought that communication between us would be easy, but boy did I wish I brought my translator. They could barely understand me, and the fact that my ears were still popped from the plane journey didn’t help either. I felt like a deaf, posh Wally (as in Where’s Wally). The next day when I woke up, I had that weird feeling when I wake up in a different room and don’t know where I am (it was like that film Memento). Then I got up and looked at the picture of ‘the statue of liberty’ on the desk and remembered when I was on the plane. I woke up to Independence Day and before I knew it I was on my way to a barbecue. It was a beautiful sunny day and boy was it hot! I wore light cloths but it was way hotter then I thought it would be. When I arrived there I met ‘The Martins’, they suited the typical average American household family everything apart from the golden retriever. Not that my aunt and uncle didn’t suit the typical American household image, but they lived in an apartment which was more like an episode of ‘Friends’. At the barbecue I ‘piged’ out big time, I don’t think I have ever eaten so much in such a small time. I even got to drink my first bottle of Budweiser, I never really liked beer but after that I had chosen my favourite drink. I had also bonded really well with Bruno Martin and his friend Chris. Bruno showed me his loft that he lived in under his house; he had his own shower, living room. After the barbecue we went for a drive in the city, on my second day I was already in New York. We drove around for a while, but there was too much traffic so we had to stop and park near the Brooklyn Bridge (it was in the end of ‘Godzilla’). From there we watched the fireworks, there were lots of people that were watching with us. After that we finally drove into the city and walked around in ‘Time Square’ (too many films too mention). I have never seen so many people from different countries in one place. That night I slept well knowing that when I wake up tomorrow I will definitely know where I am. A couple of weeks later I went out with Bruno and Chris again for a whole day out. First up was a visit to his high school, where we would play baseball on the field. I was looking forward to seeing what his school looked like, after all those years of seeing a typical American high school in TV programmes. It was huge and the sports facilities were expensive. They had a huge football field (as in American football), and three outdoor tennis courts! It made the sports facilities back at my school look basic. We played baseball on the field, which is when I began to really feel American. Bruno and Chris were impressed with my skills, especially as I had hit more home runs then both of them. After that we went to the beach, which is when I began to feel as though I was David Hassolhof in an episode of Bay watch. The weeks generally flew by, however there were some bad weeks when things were just going all wrong. When my aunt leaves for work each morning she would leave something that I could pop in the microwave. I however was not to sure on the rules of using a microwave and used a non-microwave plastic container to re-heat some chicken from the night before. I was just watching TV eagerly anticipating my meal, when I smelt smoke. I rushed into the kitchen; smoke was everywhere, opened the microwave and saw that the container had melted with the chicken inside it! I threw it into the bin opened all the windows and turned the A/C to full power. I went for the air conditioner, hoping that I could diminish the smell of burnt plastic. When my aunt returned from work she could smell the burnt plastic straight away but thought that maybe the dogs litter tray needed to be cleaned out. I actually thought that I might get away with it until my mum realised the burn stain in the microwave, DUM DUM DUMM (that was meant to be when in movies when something bad happens). She caught and shouted at me for having both the windows open and the A/C on. If you think that was bad, that is nothing compared to when I was taking Pepper (our dog) for a walk and a huge dog attacked him. That was really scary, the owner of the big scary dog, couldn’t even release his own dog. The dogs jaws were looked tightly on Pepper’s neck all I could was watch. Luckily Pepper survived and was treated for minor bite wounds. Towards the end of my visit my vacation began to look up greatly. I visited New York more often and went on the Statue of Liberty and on the World Trade Centres. I remember when I went to the twin towers the tour guide on the lift told us that the lift was travelling at 30 mph (or something like that) and I could feel my feet feel light as we got closer to the top. The top three floors were accessible to tourists including the roof. To get to the roof you would take a escalator, all you could see when you were going up was bright blue sky and I felt as though when the escalator reached the top I would go over the edge. When I finally plucked up the courage to get on the roof the view was beautiful. You could see for miles, all the wonders of New York were in view from one place. When I returned showing my photos from the roof, my friends thought that I was on a helicopter. On my visit to the big green woman, I actually realised clearly how large she was up-close. I thought about how long she has been there for, everything she would have seen. Throughout seeing all the sites a common image would occur to me of re-visiting these sites when I move to America. For me New York was a place to visit not to live in. I have always wanted to live in the house from Home Alone, which is set in Chicago. I have always like the Christmassy look. Returning back to England was weird as when I went to America. Once again no-body could understand me (by now I have an American accent), I had to get use to the money as well. The weird thing about America is that when you get use to it you don’t even realise that you are living in America. Although you are use to it, you still notice differences here and there. My American dream is still there, its just a matter of until I make it into reality.

Legal and Ethical Considerations in Marketing, Product Safety, and Research Paper - 2

Legal and Ethical Considerations in Marketing, Product Safety, and Intellectual Property - Research Paper Example In fact, it is used as a reference point by both the proponents and opponents of ethical considerations in business. The case points out how intellectual property rights can be used both to the defense of the company as well as against it. However, the success of the company was crippled by the way PharmaCARE responded to ethical and legal issues that it was faced with. Being a medical giant, it thrived on research and made a breakthrough of a diabetes drug, AD23, which slowed down the terrible infringement of Alzheimer’s (Heinrich, 2003). In the face of high demand for the product, PharmaCARE set up a sister company called CompCARE and made it the compounding pharmacy to manufacture the drug (Heinrich, 2003). Soon, it became a mass hysteria to acquire this drug thus pushing CompCARE into methods outside the scope of what a compounding pharmacy is authorized to do. According to Halbert & Ingulli (2012) the end result was the death of over 200 people from cardiac arrests associated with the drug. The results were catastrophic to all the stakeholders of the company including the workers and patients. For instance, John who was a former researcher lost his wife because of using the drug. The downfall of PharmaCARE was brought about by the unethical business practices it engaged in. In the case of PharmaCARE, ethical considerations were evidently compromised by the firm and its management. The first ethical issue is when the company wrongfully capitalized on Colberians availability to be hired at the lowest wage rate thus exploiting their labor for a meager amount of compensation. Moreover the willingness of the locals to share vital information regarding indigenous cures was also exploited and the benefits did not trickle down to the indigenous people. In so doing, the firm violated legal and moral boundaries of a civilized and ethical society (Veatch & Haddad, 2008). The actions of the firm were also an evident

Foodborne Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Foodborne Disease - Essay Example The means from the two groups were examined and a t-test was performed in order to determine if there was a statistically significant difference between their food safety knowledge. It was determined that there was a difference in food safety knowledge between the two groups and researchers recommended that a food safety educational program be administered to employees in order to reduce the incidence of food borne illness. In addition, it was recommended that this group be tracked for further incidences of outbreaks in order to determine the efficacy of that food safety program. 100 employees at the Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4, contracted food borne illnesses in 5 consecutive years. It was determined that an investigation into food safety handling knowledge of employees would be beneficial in determining whether or not an educational program needed to be administered. 2 Two groups of participants were recruited, those with food safety education that occurred less than 10 years ago and those that had education longer than 10 years ago or no education at all. These participants were then administered a food safety test and test results were rated on a percentage basis. The means from the two groups were examined and a t-test was performed in order to determine if there was a statistically significant difference between their food safety knowledge. 2 In an examination of disease dissemination at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region 4, it was discovered that 100 employees contracted food borne illnesses in a period of 5 years. It was deemed this investigator that this number of outbreaks was considered problematic and that inadequate food safety practices among employees were the likely culprit. Food safety practices are usually taught by health care practitioners, dieticians and through media outlets that attempt to inform consumers, food handlers and at risk population’s

Why racial and sexual discrimination are immoral Essay

Why racial and sexual discrimination are immoral - Essay Example For example, when one is looking for a job and he/she is said by maybe the management or the person dealing with the recruitment drive that he/she doesn’t fit into the job just because of gender or race means that the organization is not after someone who can deliver but after someone to just fill the vacant position. To the organization, performance of the individual is not the hinge as it should be in normal circumstances. Also, when one seeks treatment in a hospital and he/she is denied medical services just because he does not belong to the right race or gender then the hospital fails in the mandate of its existence. The hospital is meant to offer medical services to people who in turn make payments which mean continuity. If the hospital fees are not accruing due to discrimination, then it means the hospitals existence is at threat which translates to many loosing their jobs and others loosing the opportunity to be get services. Again, when one is treated with bias in business matters, he/she may be the unexploited opportunity which other business partners have not discovered and which could take them a notch higher. In this case, such opportunity is given to the least deserving thus minimizing the returns of the venture. This means that, the main objective of the venture is not the driving force which will lead to more profits and thus the continuity of the venture. The three examples above confirm that, discriminating a person due to gender or race has nothing beneficial. According to Kantianism, an activities worth is measured according to its beneficial aspects. The number of good deeds resulting from the action should surpass the bad ones and if possible bad outcomes should be non-existent in any action that is taken by human beings (Jeremy, B 2007). When you get someone as an employee due to his/her race (as yours), then performance is compromised in this case. Giving a person an opportunity without regard of gender of race means that the

International Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

International Business Management - Essay Example For example, cost of wages paid to casual employees in a company. Indirect labor refers to labor that is not directly related to converting raw material to finished products. An expense refers to all cost incurred in the production of finished goods other than material and labor costs (Drury, 2008: p28). Revenue is an increase in the net worth resulting from a transaction. In business, revenue is the money received from selling products or services. It is collected when it is earned. Revenue consists of three items; total revenue, average revenue and marginal revenue (Jain, 2011: p43). Total revenue (TR) is the total income of the firm. TR= Quantity * Price. If a firm sells 1000 blankets at a price of $200 each then the TR will be $200,000. Average revenue (AR) is the revenue per unit of sold output. AR= TR/Quantity. For example if the revenue for sell of 1000 blankets @ $200 is $200,000 then AR= 200,000/1000. AR= $200. Marginal revenue (MR) refers to additional revenue incurred from the sale of additional output. For example, if the TR realized in the sell of 1000 blankets id $200,000 and that from the sale of 1001 is $200,400 the MR of the 1001st blanket is MR= $200,400 – 200,000. MR= $400. Managers need to scan for factors that affect the viability of their organization in order to maximize their profits and remain competitive. These factors are both internal and external. They include politics and law, technological factors, culture, and governance. The success of the organization is dependant on how managers strategize these factors in order to achieve prosperity. In the current global marketplace, culture is a key influence on the success of the firm. Culture influences the entrance and sustainability of an organization in the international market (Hill, 2012: p 235). Managers have to learn and understand cultural differences with their international suppliers and consumers in order to create a direct contact.  

Blaming Wal-Mart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Blaming Wal-Mart - Essay Example The two sides I see are this: on one side are workers at Wal-Mart and at other shops, both trying to earn an honest living; on the other side are shoppers like me, also trying to earn a living. The main problem is not that both sides like different things. The problem is that both sides do not have the complete picture, and unless we do, we may end up destroying each other. I also like the convenience that a one-stop shopping place like Wal-Mart offers me. Six days a week, I work like a slave, but on the day I shop at Wal-Mart, I feel like the Queen! I love their service with a smile and their clean stores. Most of all, searching for bargains and seeing so many beautiful things give me pure joy. I cannot buy everything I like, but seeing those colorful items on display gives me something to look forward to, something to save for, a future treat to savor for myself, my kids, or for our home. A few hours shopping at Wal-Mart helps me rest and forget the many troubles in life. Walking through the shopping aisles of Wal-Mart is like a relaxing walk in the park, and this is what I want to continue enjoying, at least once a week. The essay made me think of how we can strike a balance between what each side wants.

Corporate and interpersonal communication seminar paper Essay

Corporate and interpersonal communication seminar paper - Essay Example corporations, even as early as the 1980s when the term â€Å"greenwashing† gained popular usage as a neologism to describe seedy corporate tactics, to advertise products as â€Å"green†, exploiting corporate social responsibility and corporate ethics as a means of promoting one’s products and services as more altruistic (or ethical) than those of competitors. From the perspective of the corporation, greenwashing is advantageous for those in one’s target market because it gives an additional selling point. Even if the greenwash is an exaggeration, rather than an outright lie, the marketing of that product is able to create a short- and long-term benefit scheme with which to sell the product. However, a corporation facing the accusation of greenwashing can quickly find itself in a public relations feud with environmental groups that are increasingly loud and vocal with those sympathetic with what it is trying to achieve. Additionally, because of the prevalence of greenwashing in American industries, it is likely environmental marketing groups like TerraChoice and ENN are set on making an example of demonizing corporations accused of greenwashing their products and services, due to the prevalence of the practice among primary competitors in most industries. Therefore, responding to an accusation of greenwashing from consumer or envir onmental interest groups is a tricky situation no corporation should underestimate, especially given the increasing weight the value of environmental sustainability is being given in the new â€Å"green economy†. What defines the concept of a greenwash, however, might befuddle some in-house marketers, advertisers, and public relations people for a loop both in understanding the nature of acceptable practices in product promotion and in the proper response to an accusation of such fraud. Irrefutably, the best way of preventing an accusation of an act is no consciously avoid committing such an act in the first place; but, of course, it is

The concept of having a conceptual framework in accounting is useless Essay

The concept of having a conceptual framework in accounting is useless - Essay Example However, there many critics who argue that the use of the conceptual framework in accounting is useless. The aim of this paper is to critically explain why many people think that the use of the conceptual framework in accounting is useless. Conceptual framework in accounting has received a lot of criticism whereby most of its critics claim that the framework does not provide adequate basis for setting standards. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has proved this inadequacy, which is becoming a more rule-based approach. Nevertheless, there is empirical prove that has been collected to support this argument against accounting conceptual framework (Hines 2011, p. 45). Out of the five characteristics of accounting conceptual framework, most people only rely on one characteristics, reliability, on accounting statements to make financial decisions. In addition, accounting familiarity influences many people to rely on or use financial statements instead of finding other accurate ways for finding this information. Therefore, it is not only that accounting conceptual framework needs alterations, but also changes to help come up with accounting standards that are principles-based. Implementing principles-based stand ards means that many users will be able to use irrespective of their backgrounds. Many people have been criticized FASB for not advising organizations to give out information that is useful and interpretable to the users of financial statements. Its conceptual framework is the main source of all accounting standards (Hines 2011, p. 78). Therefore, the conceptual framework for accounting must exemplify several qualitative characteristics in order to ensure that the financial reporting is able to provide financial statement users with information that is adequate for decision making. The accounting conceptual framework of the United States was founded in the year 1980. There are five key characteristics of accounting information, which

Transit oriented design architectural analysis planning and policies. Comparative study of Mauritius and Singapore Essay Example for Free

Transit oriented design architectural analysis planning and policies. Comparative study of Mauritius and Singapore Essay Transit-oriented design, architectural analysis, planning and policies. Comparative study of Mauritius and Singapore Introduction The world needs a more viable and sustainable mode of connection. It must be incorporated with other regions to ensure that there is the kind of connection that leads to efficient movement using train services. This kind of mobility, which brings connection to several parts of the world must involve the mixed use of residential and commercial areas. It brings out the issue of new urbanism and smart transport as some of the important tool in the world as a whole. Due to its importance, the development of transit-oriented design systems is one area that requires comprehensive plans and policies that take into account individual architectural structures of different regions. However, policy regarding the regional land planning involve a wide range of people. This means that the process must incorporate all groups regardless of profession, economic class and age. This study seeks to identify transit-oriented design policy issue in Mauritius in relation to the need to develop an MRT similar to that which was built in Singapore. It provides a detailed analysis of on the differences that will hinder Mauritius from adopting some of the policies and procedures that were adopted by Singapore. Although a number of them might be helpful, there are those that will require improvement or elimination for successful implementation of the project. It will thus include the performance of a keen environmental study. This is intended to help the policy experts and lawmakers in the country of Mauritius be able to diagnose the cause of these transport policy issues and suggest valid solutions which will better the transport area in the country of Mauritius. Many countries make attempts to emulate other countries that have been successful in the development of a number of projects. The transport system is one of the common fields where such practices are conducted. However, the problem is usually posed in the sense that not all previous strategies can be employed from one state to the other. Several varied characteristics play a role in this. This research paper makes attempts to analyze whether all the policies that were applied in Singapore during the construction of the MRT system can be applied in the strategic plan of an MRT system in Mauritius. Therefore, how can the country consider its architectural structures to implement the Singaporean policies in order to make the region benefit from the transit-oriented development? Therefore, how can they be appropriately applied to ensure that the public transport system in Mauritius is maximized? As such, this paper is aimed at providing a meaningful comparison in relation to the planning systems in Mauritius against those of one of the best practice examples in the world; Singapore (Smart Growth America 2014). Significance of the research Transport is an important part of any community across the globe; the impacts of transport are felt in all corners of any economy from political, economic and even social aspects of community lives. However, it is not enough for any government or country to offer just mere transport but must ensure it is quality and meets all the local and international standards (Handy 2005, 147). Development of good transport needs good management that can be achieved by the proper planning of the present structures. This requires that a country considers the best options in relation to the architecture of the region. As much as a country may wish to adopt success strategies used previously by a different country, it is necessary that they consider their unique architectural elements (Handy 2005, 147). It is expected that Mauritius will implement a light rail transit in the near future. Although there is already an MRT system in Singapore, both of these countries possess similar conditions that have been developed in their transport systems over time. As such, the Mauritian government can benefit greatly from the incentive and success story of Singapore (Susan 2011, 828). The community can use it as their guideline towards the implementation of the new plan. However, Singapore has completely different architectural characteristics and aspect from Mauritius. These have to be put into consideration during the implementation plan. In order to develop an effective transit design plan, there is a need to incorporate most of the features that encourage transit ridership (Venketasawmy 1998, p. 58). The starting point of the solutions to traffic congestion must ensure mobility of people from home to work places. The ability of people to move from home to work and back has been hindered very much by traffic congestions. Nonetheless, it is vital for the policy makers to improve on commuting with regard to the traditional home-to-work trip through proper transit-oriented programs (About Smart Growth n.d.). Theoretical framework Proper transit-oriented development provides all the necessary benefits associated with livable communities. It comes in the form of a mix of application that makes it possible to move around without the need of a car while at the same time enjoying the greater mix of different types of houses. This study will be conducted upon the consideration that people have a wide range of transportation choices to select. With this, there is an increased sense of community among the members of the community and an enhanced sense of place. This kind of development bears numerous other kinds of benefits. As such, it requires proper planning of the various structures. In turn, it needs appropriate budgeting strategies to assist in its attainment. Many of the countries that are making plans to attain transit-oriented designs should understand these factors when making their plans. They should additionally use the plans that were previous used by countries that have been successful in such developme nts (Sustainable Development Commission of the United Kingdom n.d.). Mauritius is considered one of the countries with a small economy. It is a little island found in the Indian Ocean and possesses about 1.2 million inhabitants. Since 1980s, it has grown tremendously in its economy. During the last decade, both the public and private sectors have indicated the need to perform mega urban developments. Among these is the development of the MRT system similar to that which was developed in Singapore. Unlike in Singapore the designing and development of Mega urban projects such as the impending MRT requires much planning and consideration to avoid failure. As such, this paper will explore the characteristic small and vulnerable economy of Mauritius and the affordability of the mega urban projects in relation to the unique architectural features. They will be compared and related to Singapore, which is among the countries with an advanced economy and societies that are highly developed (Federal Transit Administration n.d.). Key Objectives To investigate the needs of the Mauritian community in relation to transportation To assess the elements that led to the successful implementation of MRT in Singapore To perform a comparison on the similar architectural conditions between Mauritius and Singapore Analysis of how the procedures that were used in Singapore can be incorporated in the Mauritian plan To find out what the unique aspects are in Mauritius to enable the achievement of success Consideration of the factors in Mauritius that can hinder the success of the strategies applied in Singapore. Methodology This paper will compare the varied land uses and practices in Mauritius and Singapore. Since Mauritius plans to develop their MRT in the near future, the study will analyze the already existing programs that are well known and diverse. This will be compared to the approaches that led to the implementation of MRT in Singapore (Enoch 2003, 298). Owing to the varied architectural designs in the two countries, only the appropriate strategies will be considered for use in Mauritius. Literature review was used to identify potential programs, practices and case studies. Both academic and professional literature was reviewed to identify already implemented plans, or that is currently underway. Information from departments of transportation (DOTs) and state governor’s office. Peer reviewed journals from fields of city planning, urban affairs, transportation and housing were also analyzed. Analysis was also carried out on websites of academic, nonprofit organizations, and professional o rganizations. However, the main analysis was to be performed between the documents that were used in the implementation plans in Singapore and related to the uses of land in Mauritius to ascertain whether most of those policies can be incorporated (Enoch 2003, 298). Site/case studies Mega urban developments in Mauritius In the past, the urban sector in Mauritius has dealt with a number of mega urban developments. Most of these have had their ups and downs that have led to different rates of success and failure. There have been several of such mega urban developments that have failed owing to the lack of proper planning. The current idea to develop a transit-oriented design system is among the mega urban developments. It thus call for serious planning and implementation of policies and structures that are highly suitable. In comparison to other areas, there are numerous regions that have attempted to develop the transit-oriented designs. One of the most proper examples is Singapore. It is the most commonly known reference point. It is thus the best case to be used by any city that is developing or making plans to improve its transport planning and systems. Data analysis and synthesis Plan for land use The MRT in Singapore was constructed with a main focus on the need for land use. This was considered in 2013 when there was a need to develop a new plan to accommodate the increasing population. It was assumed that by 2030 the population would be around 6.7 million. Land reclamation from the sea would be necessary in order to get additional 766 square kilometres of land. They would be done mainly in the islands of Tekong and Taus. Therefore the land use plan related to the development of the transit-oriented design system would include the expansion of Tampine North, and other areas such as Bidadari and Tengah. Building of 100, 000 HBD flats was part of the plan and a future creation of a Southern Waterfront City. Additionally, new towns like Western Water Catchment will be built. They also include high density towns with numerous amenities. Therefore, from 52%, 60% of the land in Singapore will be reserved for industry, housing and community facilities. This means that more housing units will be built, rail networks doubled and more people will live close to parks (Xinhua, 2013, par. 1-10). Various kinds of art of architectural designs adorn the landscape of MRT in Singapore.   They are award winning features that create ease of accessibility and efficient models. They are composed of colourful murals and sculptures. They speak largely about the history and culture in Singapore. These were however, incorporated during the later stages. Earlier less attention was given to the design of the station with much emphasis being put on its functionality than on its aesthetics. It is evident that the Mauritian community has been faced by a number of challenges during the implementation of the previous mega urban projects in the area. As such, there is need to take into account the architectural structures that include the use of land before the establishment of an MRT in the region. In order to ensure that they achieve high levels of success similar to the Singaporean government, they will need to adopt some of their schemes. Findings It is evident that the planning papers that were used in Singapore were highly effective. The documents that were used in the effort to make the city attain a transit-oriented design made use of proper policy arrangements. In this relation, Singapore is considered one of the countries that made use of comparative approaches to plan their transport system. In order to attain this, they engaged in best planning practices that involved a number of aspects. These are setting of clear objectives, targets towards ambitious performance, benchmarking and effective implementation. In addition, it openly declared its objective to achieve the best performance levels in the world in transport in comparison to some of the benchmark cities in the world. For this reason, most of them can be incorporated in the Mauritian plan to develop an MRT system. Therefore, some of the major activities to be performed will include: Linking land use with transportation The successful transportation policy cannot be achieved without linking transportation matters with land. Land forms an important element of transportation since all transit systems and any other movements are based on land. Land is an important effect to both economy and political aspect of the country; this therefore means that the issues of land must take center stage when discussing transportation matters in any country or country around the world (Enoch 2003, 298). The political experts must approve the use any space in the country of Mauritius before any undertaking. The policies to be implemented should put into consideration the comparison between other successful legislation in other countries such as Singapore. (Khadaroo and Seetanah 2007, 1153). Some of the important areas to be compared will include the parameters involved in transport performance, the key phases involved in the projects, implementations and investments, the approach that is used by the cities in relation to the integration of a public transport system as well as the relationships and policies associated with transit-oriented systems and land use. They will help to alleviate some of the common problems that are experienced in Mauritius. The main one is traffic congestion   One of the major problems that are presented by the current state of Mauritian transport is the level of congestion. The transit-oriented design development in Singapore was done in a great deal of success. It was able to set the pace for most of the other countries that include Mauritius. Traffic congestion has been proven beyond doubts to be among the key indicators of the failures in the transportation policy of the country of Mauritius. This is in addition to the fact that there are narrow streets, which are filled with numerous buildings. Some of these are factories that emit harmful and dangerous gases to the atmosphere (Boopen 2011, p. 827). The traffic congestion Mauritius is of a major concern. In various studies carried out has confirmed that Mauritian as a country incurs numerous losses due to the delays in its highways. Looking at the negative impacts associated with traffic congestions, a valid solution is important to eradicate this kind of situation a country of Ma uritius’s stature. The solutions to this problem must be narrow but must open wide consultation avenues due the magnitude of the impacts of traffic congestion. This presents a number of concerns that are essential for policymakers to understand so as to overcome the real diversity of transportation challenges being faced by Mauritius (Boopen 2011, 827). They need to act according to the best practices of transit-oriented development. With this, land uses are expected to be incorporated into an urban system that is legible and dense since it emanates from the central transport hubs. In order to help in the appropriate selection of policies and practices to enable the Mauritian community to develop a transport system that is transit-oriented its success rate in coming up with other similar mega projects will be analysed. Its similarities in structure with Singapore will also be evaluated. As such, the successful policies that were implemented by Singapore will also be incorporated in the recommendation efforts (Khadaroo and Seetanah 2007, 1153). The policies deployed must involve the use technology, because the same technology has caused a lot of changes in both work and investment patterns. It is suggested by policy makers in Mauritius that the country should invest much on the electric trains to help decongest the highways. This is believed to a technological advancement of great importance to the country’s economy. In these electric trains the investment family should also be given distinct wagons to help faster ferrying of goods (Enoch 2003, 298). The use of electric train is an avenue to provide more public transit modes, the country of Mauritius requires more public transit mode due the fact that over a third of its population are not licensed this imply that the country must provide, good public transit mode to improve on other areas like road safety too. In this case, the implementation of these measures will help to convert a car oriented society such as Mauritius into a transit-oriented society like that experienced in Singapore. It is because Mauritius will be able to complete a project that is based on the need for World class public transportation that is made up of light rail transit. It will be in the possession of an LRT system that includes bus-rail interchanges, road works and local stations. Revisiting and critiquing the theoretical framework based on the findings   The Mauritian community is making effort to attain a transit-oriented developed neighbourhood where there is a station or a stop that is surrounded by relative high-density developments and emerging low density developments that tend to spread from the outer part towards the centre. Thus, if Mauritius applies the above mentioned policies that were used by Singapore, it will be possible to transform the region into communities that are more transient. Besides helping Mauritius, they will also be beneficial for most of the other countries that are facing serious challenges in the effort to improve their transport systems into more transit-oriented design systems. A major feature of this system is that the transport features will run across the capital and main cities hence presenting an ease of movement. Conclusion Current transport systems require that they are combined into forms that provide more benefits to the community than the basic ability to move around the town. Individuals would like to see the emission of harmful gases reduced, solving environmental problems and reducing the prices of fuel. Although not all of the policies that were implemented by Singapore can be applied, there is a basic requirement to enlighten the numerous approaches in transport planning and make good use of urban planning tools. In essence, the country will have to deliver a strong project and planning in a natural way. References About Smart Growth. Smart Growth Network, n.d. http://www.smartgrowth.org/about/default.asp (accessed October 19, 2014). (About Smart Growth n.d.)Enoch, Marcus P. Transport practice and policy in Mauritius. Journal of Transport Geography 11, no. 4 (2003): 297-306. (Enoch 2003, 298) Federal Transit Administration, â€Å"Introduction to New Starts,† http://www.fta.dot.gov/ planning/newstarts/planning_environment_2608.html (accessed October 19, 2014). (Federal Transit Administration n.d.)Handy, â€Å"Smart Growth,† 156. (Handy n.d., 156) Khadaroo, A. J., and B. Seetanah. Assessing the contribution of land, sea and air transport capital to the economic performance of the small island state of Mauritius. Applied Economics Letters 14, no. 15 (2007): 1151-1155. (Khadaroo and Seetanah 2007, 1153).Seetanah, Boopen. â€Å"Optimal endowments of transport investment: an empirical analysis for Mauritius.† Empirical Economics 40, no. 3 (2011): 827-838. (Boopen 2011, 827).Smart Growth Funding Resource Guide, Smart Growth Network, June 2007. http://www.smartgrowth.org/pdf/funding_resources.pdf (accessed October 19, 2014). (Smart Growth Funding Resource Guide 2007).Smart Growth Network. Smart Growth Network. http://www.smartgrowth.org/sgn/default.asp (accessed October 19, 2014). (Smart Growth Network n.d.)Susan Handy. â€Å"Smart Growth and the Transportation–Land Use Connection: What Does the Research Tell Us?† International Regional Science Review 28, no. 2 (April 4, 2005): 147. (Susan 2005,147). Sustainable Development Commission of the United Kingdom, â€Å"About Sustainable Development,† http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/pages/aboutsd.html (accessed October 19, 2014). Venketasawmy, Rudhy Raj. Analysis for a new mass transit system in Mauritius and design of an inter-modal terminal. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Praeger, 1998. (Venketasawmy 1998).Xinhua, 2013. Singapore plans to increase land area by over 7 pct by reclamation. Retrieved October 29, 2014. Source document

Teachers Speech Essay Example for Free

Teachers Speech Essay Mr. Chairman, Honorable Proprietor and Headmaster, Mr. Commissioner distinguished staff members, co-aspirants, fellow students, ladies and gentlemen, I greet you all It has been observed by me in recent times, that there are many problems, which arise day in day out. I do not wish to make this entire problem known, because they give me an ill-feeling when I mention them. Nevertheless, for the sake of my manifesto, I am going to give an instance of a situation as an example. Comfortably seated lady and gentlemen, Imagine yourself being a teacher, you have just given an exercise which you were marking, or you are busily compiling your examination results. As you continue your task, one boy runs up to you and says â€Å"Sir, this boy has hit me with a ball† The lad is expecting you to leave your work and go and administer justice to his said trouble maker. If you were to be that teacher,what will your reaction towards the issue be? I do not suppose you would leave your work to attend to that issue; such problems should be left into the hands of the prefects. One of such prefects who play a major role in the school is the boys’ prefect. This is the reason why I want to take up this responsibility demanding position. Ladies and gentlemen, the voting is in your hands and it is your own decision. I am appealing to you all to vote for ..as your boys’ prefect, so that when this school gets a change of a lifetime, with the blare of a trumpet, we can all say that something has happened out of the blues. Once again, listen to the cry of your humble servant , vying for the post of the high office of the senior prefect of this humble institution. Now to my dear juniors who have been in a state of melancholy for so long a time due to ill-treatments and injustice meted out to them

A Taxonomy Of Distributed Systems Information Technology Essay

A Taxonomy Of Distributed Systems Information Technology Essay The improvement technology nowadays and as the users of Internet grows extremendously, it has reached a point where the potential benefit of very large scale results distributed application more apparent than ever. Opportunities are emerging to develop large systems that cater to highly dynamic and mobile sets of participants, who desire to interact with each other and stores of online content in a robust manner. These opportunities will inevitably dictate a substantial body of research in the years to follow. Although applications intended to function at this scale have recently begun to appear, there remain a broad set of several issues that must be faced before this emerging class of distributed system can become a reality. One of the current issues in the distributes system is open problem based on taxonomy. 1. Introduction Distributed systems research has historically avoided many hard problems through the carefully calculated use of operating constraints. Scalable resource clusters are assumed to be tucked away in protected facilities and connected by reliable infrastructure [1]. Large systems are assumed to have cooperating nuclei of administrative organizations that do not fail [2]. In peer environments, participants are assumed to behave fairly instead of leaching resources [3]. As the specifications of these systems grow to require operation at a massive scale with highly distributed administration, these assumptions will be strongly challenged as a means of providing useful systems. In short, distributed systems research is quickly approaching a point at which many hard problems cannot be avoided any longer. Prior to embarking on the construction of a large-scale distributed operating system, we felt that it would be useful to survey the landscape of problems that will be faced in the constructio n of this class of system. This paper is a summary of open problem based on taxonomy that must be addressed in order for successful systems of this caliber to be realized. To describe the domain of existing and future distributed systems, we have to design a taxonomy. This model is a two-dimensional space whose axes define the concurrency and conflict of resource access, and the degree of distribution and mobility of resources within the system. From this model, we draw four phyla of application that is point-to-point, multiplexed, fragmented, and peer-to-peer. This last phylum defines our target domain and we apply lessons learned from the other three groups to it. Through our taxonomy, we describe a set of architectural systems problems that must be addressed. 2. A Taxonomy of Distributed Systems We will describe four phyla of distributed systems in a continuous space along two axes. The axe which is access concurrency and resource distribution is a stem from an examination of the evolution of distributed applications. Access concurrency considers the number of simultaneous accesses to a resource and the degree of conflict between these accesses. Access concurrency problems occur as researchers began to move towards time sharing on mainframes. Resource distribution represents how broadly a system is spread across a network infrastructure. Individually, each of these axes represents a steadily increasing gradient of complexity within system architecture. It is in the cases where both axes have high degree that system complexity explodes. Indeed, distributed applications seem to all reside very close to the axes in our models. This observation suggests that there must be some limiting factors that exist, inhibiting the development of complex systems. We now consider the two axe s and four phyla of systems individually. 2.1 Access Concurrency Access concurrency originated with the desire to allow users to share the resources of original mainframe computers. Concurrency mechanisms allow clients to share a resource while preserving the state of that resource during simultaneous accesses. It is worth nothing that without a requirement to avoid conflict, concurrency mechanisms need only act as stateless request multiplexers. Although there are complexity issues in simple multiplexing at the Internet scale, it is conflict avoidance that makes access concurrency especially hard. In order to avoid conflicts between concurrent accesses, extra mechanisms must be put in place. These mechanisms add overhead and complexity to the system. Mechanisms to support access concurrency involve tradeoffs between efficiency and effectiveness. Concurrency control techniques that are very efficient is aim to allow the highest possible amount of simultaneous access, but may do so at the cost of poorly preserving resource state or unfairly schedul ing this access. Techniques that are optimized for effectiveness protect resource state, but may do so by severely limiting concurrency of access. As an example, consider the locking of files to preserve consistency in concurrent systems. Pessimistic locking is most effective at preserving state, but results in a complete loss of concurrency whenever the file is locked for writing. Optimistic locking allows a higher degree of concurrency, but may perform worse in a high state of conflict as many transactions must be aborted. Conflicts may simply be flagged and left for a separate mechanism to resolve later. It is usually happen in the extreme case of efficient concurrency. This is how inconsistencies are addressed after a disconnection in distributed file systems such as Coda. Similar analogies for access concurrency exist with respect to other resources such as process scheduling and memory protection. In this emerging class of large distributed systems, the issue is that a high de gree of concurrency within a system demands efficiency, while individual users will expect effective consistency preservation. Measures, such as conflict resolution, have not been well explored. It is a non-trivial problem to automatically resolve conflicts on information that does not have a high degree of structure, such as files and ad hoc databases (i.e. the Windows registry). Additionally, there exist a set of resources for which resolution may not be appropriate after the fact, and large scale active conflict avoidance is a necessity. 2.2 Resource Distribution Resource distribution describes the degree to which a system has been spread across a network, and how dynamic resources are within it. Even the smallest degree of resource distribution mandates a substantial amount of overhead within a system. Consider the difference between accesses to a local file versus a remote file service such as NFS. Both cases contain all of the complexity involved in reading a file from disk; however the remote access has the additional responsibilities of locating the service, marshalling data in and out of message structures, interacting across the network, and handling a considerably larger set of potential error cases. Transparency, a hallmark goal of distributed systems only obfuscates this problem by concealing the details of distribution. Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) mechanisms, which were intended to simplify application development is forced distribution to be implemented deep within the system. This occurs directly in many of the problems traditio nally associated with distributed systems such as fragility and inflexibility. The troubling aspect in this line of consideration is that these issues indicate a fundamental flaw at the very onset of approaches to distribution. RPC will only provide one degree of distribution, by passing a call to a single remote host. We have only just entered the arena of distributed systems, and already complexity is overbearing with RPC. A larger problem exists in their distribution by assuming that resources can be accessed in an expressive and reliable manner. In order to access resources, it must be possible to first locate them. Moreover, mechanisms must exist to find them in an ongoing manner if the resources are not static within a system. For instance, the location of a resource may have to be determined through a directory service and refreshed with each successive access. In very large scale or highly dynamic systems, a centralized service may not be sufficient to track resource locatio n and other methods, such as forwarding pointers [4], may have to be employed. Distribution equates almost exactly to extra mechanism, and therefore complexity, within a system. The larger and more distributed a system becomes, the more mechanism will be required to locate, track, and access objects within it. 2.3 Four Phyla of Distributed Applications From the two axes described above, we draw four phyla of distributed applications, shown in Figure 2.3. Note that the respective sizes of these domains are by no means equal, we represent this division as it is for simplicity. What follows is a very brief presentation of each of the four classes. In each case, we supply an example of the phylum to demonstrate its characteristics. We also try to identify weaknesses that exist within the domain that may not be acceptable within more advanced systems. Figure 2.3 : Taxonomy of Distributed Application 2.3.1 Point-to-point The point-to-point phylum represents a very simple set of applications in which a client connects to a resource for un-shared access. Point-to-point examples exist primarily as components of more complex applications, for instance the data channel of an FTP session is point-to-point, in that all of the associated resources are allocated at both ends of the connection at the beginning of a transfer. We would also consider simple RPC to be primarily a point-to-point application, provided that the RPC server handles a single request at a time. Point-to-point applications are characterized by the fact that the distribution aspects of the system are typically quite visible. For example when failure does occur it can be identified and resolved primitively by the user. If an FTP server does not respond or crashes during a transfer, the user can attempt a connection somewhere else. Regarding to this problem it is clearly shows that this is not a good system property; however it is generally tolerable within the domain of simple applications. 2.3.2 Multiplexed Multiplexed applications are those in which resources are delivered with a high degree of concurrency, and possibly conflict control, over a relatively small scale of distribution. We can take file and web server as an excellent examples. It is because they provide a set of centralized resources to large number of concurrent users. Figure 2.3.2 show us the taxonomy of web server. Note that in our model, both file and web servers have a high degree of access concurrency, but are still barely distributed. This is because users typically need only connect to a single point to access resources. There are more distributed examples of multiplexed applications which are distributed striped file systems and scalable data structures [5]. In both of these cases, users may still connect to a single resource, but that resource may forward requests through an additional link to an appropriate secondary server. The risk of failure is more significant in multiplexed systems because failure has the potential to affect a much larger number of users on the resource provision side. A very large multiplexed service is often served by specialized hosting facilities where a very high degree of resource reliability may be assumed. It is commonly used to mitigate those problems. Further precautions may involve the installation of redundant resources that take over in the rare case of system failure. Figure 2.3.2: Taxonomy of web server 2.3.3 Fragmented Resource Fragmented systems are those in which resources are spread across, or move within, a set of connected endpoints. Communication is substantially more complex in these systems as messages may not travel directly to a resource, but instead may lead to a cascade of interactions across the system. Existing fragmented systems, such as the domain name service (DNS), are frequently structured as a hierarchy of coupled administrative domains. Note that there do not have many examples of highly fragmented systems. Considered as a whole, the global DNS database is fragmented across a considerable number of hosts. However this is doubtlessly orders of magnitude smaller than the scope desired by advocates of universal Internet-scale directory services, such as LDAP, which have yet to see broad acceptance within the network. The distribution of administration presents a difficulty within the ongoing provision of fragmented systems. In a centralized resource, a single administrative body is capable of quickly affecting changes across the scope of a system. In a fragmented resource, issues arise in how changes should be applied and who is allowed to do them. In the case of DNS, updates must frequently be submitted to human administrators, who authenticate and apply changes by hand. In existing systems this is an acceptable property, DNS lookups are handled with an acceptable degree of expedience, and the frequency of change is small enough typically to be handled off-line. This is not, however, an approach that provides a high degree of scalability. 2.3.4 Peer to peer The client-server model assumes that certain machines are better suited for providing certain services. For instance, a file server may be a system with a large amount of disk space and backup facilities. A peer-to-peer model (Figure 2.3.4) assumes that each machine has somewhat equivalent capabilities, that no machine is dedicated to serving others. An example of this is a collection of PCs in a small office or home. Networking allows people to access each otherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s files and send email but no machine is relegated to a specific set of services. Peer to peer applications are highly distributed and involve a high degree of potentially conflicting, concurrent access to resources. This is a fairly hypothetical description, as very few such applications currently exist at the Internet scale. Peer-based file sharing applications, such as Gnutella [6], are initial steps within this domain but only begin to enter the phylum. Gnutella does not need to address any conflict issues, nor has it proven able to scale. In this class of application, the acceptable weaknesses within the other phyla compound and cannot be avoided. Failure has a high potential impact, but resources cannot be protected. Administration is distributed and the coupling between administrative domains may become much more dynamic. We discuss these issues more extensively in the next section. Figure 2.3.4 3. Conclusion The purpose of this paper has been to identify open problem based on taxonomy that necessarily must be addressed in order to develop advanced, Internet-scale distributed systems. Regarding to the explanations above, we can highlight that the open problem in taxonomy that contains in access concurrency and resource distribution. We also must consider the four phyla of distributed system; point-to-point, multiplexed, fragmented resource and peer to peer to identify weaknesses that exist within the domain that may not be acceptable within more advanced systems. Projects to develop environments for ubiquitous, invisible, and pervasive distributed applications have, and continue to be, very exciting research that will need to address many of these issues in order to realize their visions.

Identifying the Main Character in The Use of Force :: Personal Narrative

Identifying the Main Character in The Use of Force Since Olson narrates the story, I was tempted to focus on his opinions and motives in accessing and handling the intense situation of diagnosing a sick child. Though tempted to focus on Olson, after meticulous analysis of the passage, I noted Matilda as the character that force is being applied to-clearly a manifestation of the title of this story. All attention and focus is on Matilda employing care to her appearance as well as her fluster. Matilda just would not allow Olson to take cultures from the back of her throat. Olson’s blunt remarks to Matilda’s naà ¯ve parents â€Å"for heavens sake...she might have diphtheria and possibly die from it,† doesn’t affect the child in the least. Nothing changes. Diphtheria is an infectious disease in which a membrane forms over the air passage. Olson orders one parent, whom he subconsciously had not disclosed, to place the child on his lap and hold her wrist. Matilda shrieked terrifyingly, desperately, â€Å"Stop it! You’re killing me!† Matilda’s mother is even more naà ¯ve than her father because obviously Olson told the child she would die of a sore throat to startle her and prompt gravity to the urgency of acquiring the cultures. Yet, Matilda’s mother still questioned the doctor contemptibly till her husband had to suggest that she take leave of absence from the room, inferring that diphtheria is deadly. Olson’s ego is ruffled, for he states that he could have torn the child apart in his own fury and enjoyed it. It was a pleasure to attack her. Force is implied from the statements ‘Then the battle begins’ and ‘Oh yeah’ in Olson’s objection to the alternative to go to the hospital. This is embodied by the descriptions: abject, crushed, exhausted, magnificent heights of insane fury, and terror for the doctor. The doctor wrestles with Matilda and her parents. Operative determination in the final unreasoning assault, to overpower her neck and jaws to insert the tongue depressor, succeeded. Focus shifted from each character back to the child. Olsen speaks about the other characters at length, at all times referring their effect or concerns on the child. The only mention of defensiveness is in Matilda. She had fought valiantly, hiding the secret of her sore throat and cried blinding tears. Olson becomes impatient calling Matilda â€Å"a damn little brat,† emphasizing her ignorance when he says she has to be protected from her idiocy.

Pride and Prejudice Essay: The Function Of Dance -- Pride Prejudice Es

The Function Of Dance in Pride And Prejudice      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice, set in the Regency Period, dance performs several important functions.   Dance patterns emulate courtship rituals, marking dance as a microcosm for courtship and marriage - two main themes of the novel.   The Regency period propagated the belief that no ingredient was more essential to a courtship than dancing:   "To be fond of dancing was a certain step towards falling in love..." (Austen 7).   Therefore, knowledge of dance - dance steps as well as dance etiquette - was a crucial necessity and was often acquired through study and awareness of conduct codes.   These crucial codes were disseminated through popular courtesy/conduct books, which informed readers of correct dance steps, movements, and patterns, as well as socially acceptable etiquette.      Regency conduct codes also influenced interpretations of individual character, as social behavior was often considered the physical embodiment of character; thus, Austen's characters typically reveal their inner selves through their manners.   And, in the manner of courtesy writers who were "concerned with behavior, not only to others but as it concerns oneself" (Fritzer 4), Austen was concerned with the behavior patterns exhibited by her characters, especially upon the dance floor.   In this era particularly, a person's individual worth was manifested itself through performance on the dance floor:  Ã‚  Ã‚      As the courtesy books hint, dancing is a clue to character, negative as well as positive.   Austen shows that a lack of moderation combined with too great a love of pleasure reflects questionable character.   Other negative indications include poor dancing, des... ...Honan, Park.   Jane Austen - Her Life.   New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. Kaplan, Deborah.   Structures of Status: Eighteenth-Century Social Experience as Form in Courtesy Books and Jane Austen's Novels. Diss. University of Michigan, 1979. Poplawski, Paul.   A Jane Austen Encyclopedia.   Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1998. Rubinstein, E., ed.   Twentieth Century Interpretations of Pride and Prejudice.   Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1969. Tanner, Tony.   Jane Austen.   Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1986. Wells, Richard.   "Manners Culture and Dress of the Best-American Society."   Accessed Online. 25 September 1998.   Available http://www.burrows.com/other/manners.html. Woods, Karen Sue Radford.   Dance in England Through a Study of Selected Eighteenth-Century Texts.   Diss.   Cornell University, 1980.  

Illusion in Death Of A Salesman :: essays research papers

What does Williams say about illusions and how are they important/dangerous to us? Tennessee Williams’ protagonist, Blanche Dubois, is a woman struggling to escape the faults of her past and secure a new life for herself. Her many mistakes have turned her life upside down and created a host of problems for her to deal with. To help her deal with the extreme direness of her existence, Blanche often creates fantasies and delusions to make her life seem more stable than it actually is. Although Blanche’s ultimate mental deterioration is partially due to her adherence to her delusions, it seems it is also these fantasies that help Blanche cope with her desperate situations. It is in this way that Williams presents illusions as something that can be important in our lives. Sometimes experiences in life are too traumatic or emotionally consuming to deal with outright. By tricking ourselves into thinking that the situation is better or different, we find ourselves more ready to live with whatever problem that effects us. However, as is the case with Blanche, illusions can potentially be destructive to our psyches as well. Hiding behind delusions to avoid our problems can make them all the more cataclysmal when we are forced to return to reality and face them. Throughout A Streetcar Named Desire, Blanche subdues the demons of her past by deceiving herself and those around her into thinking that they don’t exist. This method of coping with her problems makes them even more disastrous when she is finally forced to face them. As an added blow to Blanche’s mental stability, her spirit is destroyed by her savage rape at the hands of her brother-in-law,

Having different plots the two stories nevertheless indicate the common concept

Are people part of this world or we really don’t belong to it? Maybe we’re just strangers, the incidental guests, who dropped in for a moment?This idea unites the two stories, which I’m going to analyze – A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings by Gabriel Garcia Marquez and My Singular Irene by Jose Alcantara Alcanzar. Both stories create the impression of hopelessness, as they indicate bitter alienation of a human in a society, which is ready to swallow his identity.Having different plots, the two stories nevertheless indicate the common concept – they allegorically describe a person’s life from birth to death. However, in both stories birth and death change their meaning to the reverse one.The time, when the events start, is said to be the beginning of spring, which is naturally associated with the birth. In Marquez’s story the birth is also marked by the presence of a new-born baby, but it not him, who is symbolically born but a old man with enormous wings. It is suggestive that is born already old, like in the legend about Buddha’s birth.The reverse order of things is also demonstrated in the fact that he is born from the earth, even from mud (analogical to the traditional burial of a human body). That’s the picture Pelayo saw: â€Å"He had to go very close to see that it was an old man, a very old man, lying face down in the mud, who, in spite of his tremendous efforts, couldn’t get up, impede by his enormous wings† (p.371, paragraph 1).It is opposite to the beautiful concept, when a child, pure and innocent, is sent by the heaven. But in Marquez’s perception, a human is mercilessly thrown into this world, where he has to face loneliness and misunderstanding.The Angel is disempowered and helpless throughout his staying among people, and so is the heroine of Alcanzar’ story. And the reason for the condition is the same   – the wings. Irene is butterfly, which a ce rtain version of angelic image too. Besides, it is interesting to note that for ancient Greeks butterfly sounded exactly like the word, denoting a human soul – psyche.That why in the story My Singular Irene the same way from birth to death- in a conventional meaning – is symbolically described, which is in fact has the opposite direction – from death to life, to renaissance, to magic transformation.For years he’s been kept in her cocoon by her husband who embodies limits of the society. It is noteworthy, that in his narration he uses a lot of   restricting words as ‘allow’, ‘permit’, â€Å"demand†, ‘forgive’ and ‘forbid’. All of them he applies to Irene. He tries to control his wife’s life, leaving her no space for breathing. It would be wrong to say that he doesn’t love her, he does in fact in his own way, as a collector of butterflies.  Indeed, the metaphor of a butterfly acqui res a broader meaning: â€Å"Irene rolled down the window and by accident some butterflies got inside and were trapped† (p.12, paragraph 3) This sentence suggests the concept of human life as seen by Almanzar. It is evident that this view is very similar to the one presented by Marquez.An angel who was thrown into this world and was put by people into a cage reveals the same meaning as butterfly-person, who flew into this world accidentally an was trapped. For both writers, the metaphor for human existence is prison.For Almanzar it is both prison and journey, so that as a result we have a kind of prison on wheels. For Marquez life is a cage in a zoo with thousands of spectators watching and torturing you. I fact, life is a hell for angels.

Research Methodology – Summary

Descriptive studies help discover new meaning, describe what currently exists, and categorize the information. We will use desk research as well as field research; we will use both kinds of research because this way we will have the most appropriate Information. Desk research will include telephone Interviewing, online research etc. On the other hand we have field research, this will give us an edge because we'll be out in the field and have interaction with potential customers, immediate feedback etc. Experiments: We can experiment to see if a certain amount of people will actually enjoy and have good views towards Wipers.Research strategies: * Telephone Interviewing. * Questioning at shops Like Blocker and Supermarkets. * Questionnaires. Personal Interviewing. Purpose of the research: * Finding out the competitors. * Finding out if there is a place for us in market. * Finding out how marketable our product is. * Finding out what potential customers think of our product. Population and Sample: We have concluded that the Ranted regions will be the first regions for our questionnaires to find place at. Because of these regions populations It Is the most appropriate way to have Interaction with many potential customers..Because of the population it is obvious that it is not feasible to give unlimited samples, therefore a feedback to us and so we will process this data as well. As it is obvious that we want to have the most efficient information out of this selected group there will be some exclusion and inclusion criteria requirements. Include: * Stay at home ; working women or men * Age group of 18-50 * Minimum of 50 and maximum of 80 participants Exclude: * Kids Individuals who never clean their houses themselves ( help in the house ) We will have a letter of invitation for it to be send to our potential participants.Within this letter of invitation we will explain the reason of the research, discussion on confidentiality and what the participation will entail. With this letter of invitation will be agreement form, which must be read, signed and returned by participants in order to take part in the research. The time period will be two weeks. Participants will experience using the product and have their feedback on a written document as well as face to face interviews ( this tit only a again selected group ) Our analyzers will have a week time to process the gained data in the research.Data collection methods and procedures: As previously stated we intend to carry out a qualitative research design, In order to do so it requires us to have one on one interviews with the interviewees. This allows the interviewees to discuss their opinions and experiences. Having said that, there are also different kinds of interview styles. There is the semi-structured interview which has a prepared topic guide or certain amount of questions to be covered with each participant.How long the interviews will last depends on the kind of interview which will tak e place and on the participants' responses which will lead the direction and length of the interview. Participants will be ensured of their anonymity as well. Data analysis: The purpose of data analysis is to organize and provide structure to the research data. Qualitative data analysis occurs in three phases: description, analysis and interpretation. We will transcribe the interviews and carry out analyzing of the transcripts.Furthermore we will go on and complete a reduction in data through categorizing ND identifying similar information of the data we have gathered throughout the data and compare variables. Validity and Reliability: Validity is understood best by the question: ‘Are we measuring what we think we are measuring? And reliability is the degree to which a test consistently measures whatever it measures. So to test the validity and reliability we will perform a pilot study which is a brief and limited version of the planned research and which will help us identify any weaknesses in the plan and allow time to rectify any necessary amendments.A pilot study will allow us to make any adjustments before the main event takes place. Ethical consideration: All research studies present a number of ethical and moral concerns which must be identified and addressed prior to carrying out any research study in order to protect all participants from potential harm. Therefore we have asked our participants to sign a consent form ensuring them of the confidentiality and informing them about the nature of the research. However, we don't expect any ethical dilemmas to occur because of the nature of our research.

Medical Billing and Coding Essay

Medical Billing and Coding (current student) 2013 Medical Administrative Assistant Diploma (GPA 3.34) 2012 Includes: Disease Processes, Surgical Procedures, Life Cycle of an Insurance Claim, Health Care Settings, Health Care Payers, Procedure and Diagnosis  Coding from Medical Records, Reimbursement Systems, Facility Billing, Word Processing and Medical Practice Management Systems. * Promoted a welcoming and safe learning environment for children, helping to develop a well-rounded and respected educational organization. * Assisted the school director in playing a key role in developing a diverse and enlightening curriculum in strict accordance with state mandates. * Communicated effectively with children, peers, parents and directors to ensure smooth operations and eliminate potential issues before they could negatively impact the school. Packer Express Personnel – Jamestown, NY2001 – 2002 Bush Industries – Jamestown, NY2001 – 2001 * Duties included: Packing, stocking and accurately completing labor tickets. * Load materials and products into package processing equipment tools. * Record product, packaging, and order information on specified forms and records. * Performed any combination of light cleaning duties to maintain the establishment. * Inspected for defects and recorded items packed.

Best Tv Show Essay

First I’m going to talk about my favorite TV show. Its name is Prison Break. It all talks about someone whose name is Michel Scofeeld and a very big company in the U.S.A. this company tried to kill his brother by a very dangerous way. The make him seems as the killer of the president brother. They set everything for him to be arrested by this charge. Everybody thought he killed him except his wife and his brother who is our hero. They took him to the prison to set for killing because what he has done or I should say what they think he has done. His brother didn’t stay watching that. He was an engineer. He planed for his brother escape from the prison. He did a very big tattoo in his body which was not just a big tattoo; it was a very big map for one of the biggest prisons in the world in which nobody ever could escape it. The brother tried to steel a bank to get to the prison in which his brother is. He could make it and got to the prison near his brother. He has planned for everything even after they run away. At the end of the first season he could get his brother out of the prison, but the problem was that many people was killed in that operation, not only that the other problem is that ten of the biggest criminal in the U.S.A has escaped with them. The brother (the hero) will never forgive himself about what he has done. A nurse who helped them escape did face so many problems for her and her father, because her father was the governor of that city. He got fired from his job. After a little bit they found him dead in his flat. The company killed him because he knew very dangerous information about them. Any way the hero of our TV show didn’t make it at the end. He died to save his wife from the danger. I think I have to remind you that he got married from the nurse who helped him escape from the prison. The second TV show that I want to talk about is 24. It is very famous series it has eight seasons every one has 24 episodes. It all talks about a very big organization which tries to make the U.S.A falls down by killing the people of it. Our hero for this TV show is Jack Bour. He is a federal agent with a very big organization called C.T.U. In the beginning he worked over there as a normal agent and after that he changed to be the one who saved his own country so many times. In the first attempt for the terrorist to attack the U.S.A they kidnapped his daughter and wife. He did every possible thing for him to save his family. In the end of the season after he has saved his family someone who Jack trusted betrayed him. She was one of the terrorists she tried to run away from C.T.U by killing his wife in the C.T.U building. But Jack felt that very late. It is all make him crazy after losing his wife. He was about to kill that woman who killed his wife and who trusted. The first season ended with the falling of his tear. The fist and the second seasons are the only seasons which didn’t talk about Islam organization. In the beginning I liked it but at the end I really felt so bad in some views. By the way every one who Jack loved has been killed by those people to be eliminated. But the really couldn’t kill Jack because he was very strong in facing people using weapons.

A Students Guide to Economics Written by Paul Heyne Essay

?Monograph Review A Students Guide to Economics Written by Paul Heyne When you first thought about Economics, what did you think of? To me it was pretty much the study of money, as simple as that. I thought it would be interesting to ask a few people what their thoughts were and I heard many different definitions from as simple as â€Å"Money† from a family member to â€Å"To me it is the state of well being – money, housing, unemployment, industry etc. † told to me by a coworker. The true definition of Economics is the study of how individuals transform natural resources into final products and services that people use. This definition is quite a bit different than what I thought it would be, so I was very interested to read the monograph A Students Guide to Economics, Paul Heyne and hopefully learn how this definition came to be. As I was reading the book I found that the changes came and were documented by many different economists and were explained in many of the publications that those economists had written. In the monograph A Students Guide to Economics, Paul Heyne describes the history of economics and how this definition evolved to what it is today. The book starts out with the â€Å"discovery† of the Economics. In 1776, Adam Smith was the first person to question economic growth with a book titled Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Adam Smith summed up economics as â€Å"the volume of the nation’s annual production will depend primarily on the skill, dexterity, and judgment with which people apply their labor to the natural resources available to them. I take this as, in a good economic society, people will use the natural resources personal talents wisely. Smith also states that everyone is a merchant, by this I think he means that with every transaction, you are making a trade. For example, if a shoe maker sells a pair of shoes, the money that is paid for them is not really the trade, the leather that he buy with the money so he can make more shoes is the trade for the shoes he sold. The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money written by John Maynard Keynes was published in 1936. This book stopped many economists from focusing on the trade cycle and started them focusing on government spending to make up the deficiency in private spending that had caused and prolonged the slump during World War II. From what I understand about this publication, Keynes was one of the first people to hold the government accountable for certain economic problems. For example after World War II certain people wanted the government to be responsible for bringing the unemployment rate up to 100% when the employment rate was extremely low at that time. Macroeconomics was brought up for the first time in 1948 in the publication Economic: an Introductory Analysis written by Paul Samuelson. A Students Guide to Economics states that Microeconomics or â€Å"the modern theory of income determination† as Samuelson called it, uses variables including total expenditures on personal consumption, total business investment, and total government purchases of goods and services. Microeconomics is not considered one of the two parts of economics, the other being Microeconomics. People have two possible responses when they start feeling that the organization has changed in a negative way (decrease in quality or benefit to the member), they can exit (leave the organization), or they can voice (try to improve the issue by communicating with the organization). This theory was written about in Exit, Voice, and Loyalty written by Albert O. Hirchman. An example of an exit response would be going into a grocery stare and finding out that they do not carry the type of salsa that you like anymore, when you find this out, you decide to switch grocery stores and go to the one that has your salsa. An example of a voice response would be going to a salon to get your hair colored, you go home and realize the color is not what you asked for, instead of leaving the salon and finding another one, you call and voice your frustration, you end up going back and they fix your hair for free. Written in 1957, The Economics of Under-Developed Countries by Peter Bauer and Basil Yamey looked into the theory of â€Å"growth economics†. At that time people had the notion that if there is an under-developed country, another country can go in and help it with a quick fix. Economists believed that with a small amount of funds and a good economic model an under-developed country would have major economic growth. With this growth they assumed that the country would not cause their country any issues. Bauer and Yamey were not buying into this theory. They wrote in their book that to help an under-developed country many other things would determine the countries outcome like the citizen’s attitude and knowledge. Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit written by Frank Knight in 1921 explains how a market-coordinated economy handles the problem of coordinating activity in the presence of uncertainty. One of the things that stands out most about Frank Knight was that he distinguished between two types of change, risk and uncertainty, defining risk as randomness with knowable probabilities and uncertainty as randomness with unknowable probabilities. Frank Knight stated that risk arises from repeated changes for which probabilities can be calculated and insured against but uncertainty arises from unpredictable changes in an economy changes that cannot be insured against. Uncertainty, he said â€Å"is one of the fundamental facts of life. † (Review by Gail Owens Hoelscher). Fire would be an example of a risk, you know what will happen if a fire occurs. A customer’s preference would be an example of an uncertainty. Deirdre McCloskey wrote that there was no such thing as a scientific method for economics in The Rhetoric of Economics written in 1985, scientists merely argue what they believe is true. McCloskey states that economics needs to get back to the science of facts or responsible rhetoric and get away from the things that economists are trying to persuade people is true. A businessman may know what his costs will be to produce a product and may be very aware of what the demand will be for that product but he may not be able to predict the competition he has from companies producing a similar product. Economics is the study of how individuals transform natural resources into final products and services that people use. A Students Guide to Economics has helped me understand why the definition â€Å"Money† doesn’t quite cut it. There are so many aspects that I never even thought of when it comes to economics like planning for risk and uncertainty and understanding exit and voice responses. Economics has evolved tremendously from the time it was first brought to peoples attention in Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations to the current writings of Deirdre McCloskey. Looking into the future, I predict we haven’t seen the last changes.